The Prodigal Son

The parable of the prodigal son is the story Jesus tells in Luke 15:11-32 about a younger son who wastes his inheritance in a far country, comes home hoping to be taken on as a servant, and is met by a father who runs to welcome him, while the older brother refuses to join the feast. It is the third of three stories in Luke 15 about something lost and found. The full scripture is given here in the King James Version.

Luke 15:11-32

11And he said, A certain man had two sons:

12And the younger of them said to his father, Father, give me the portion of goods that falleth to me. And he divided unto them his living.

13And not many days after the younger son gathered all together, and took his journey into a far country, and there wasted his substance with riotous living.

14And when he had spent all, there arose a mighty famine in that land; and he began to be in want.

15And he went and joined himself to a citizen of that country; and he sent him into his fields to feed swine.

16And he would fain have filled his belly with the husks that the swine did eat: and no man gave unto him.

17And when he came to himself, he said, How many hired servants of my father’s have bread enough and to spare, and I perish with hunger!

18I will arise and go to my father, and will say unto him, Father, I have sinned against heaven, and before thee,

19And am no more worthy to be called thy son: make me as one of thy hired servants.

20And he arose, and came to his father. But when he was yet a great way off, his father saw him, and had compassion, and ran, and fell on his neck, and kissed him.

21And the son said unto him, Father, I have sinned against heaven, and in thy sight, and am no more worthy to be called thy son.

22But the father said to his servants, Bring forth the best robe, and put it on him; and put a ring on his hand, and shoes on his feet:

23And bring hither the fatted calf, and kill it; and let us eat, and be merry:

24For this my son was dead, and is alive again; he was lost, and is found. And they began to be merry.

25Now his elder son was in the field: and as he came and drew nigh to the house, he heard musick and dancing.

26And he called one of the servants, and asked what these things meant.

27And he said unto him, Thy brother is come; and thy father hath killed the fatted calf, because he hath received him safe and sound.

28And he was angry, and would not go in: therefore came his father out, and intreated him.

29And he answering said to his father, Lo, these many years do I serve thee, neither transgressed I at any time thy commandment: and yet thou never gavest me a kid, that I might make merry with my friends:

30But as soon as this thy son was come, which hath devoured thy living with harlots, thou hast killed for him the fatted calf.

31And he said unto him, Son, thou art ever with me, and all that I have is thine.

32It was meet that we should make merry, and be glad: for this thy brother was dead, and is alive again; and was lost, and is found.

King James Version

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The Prodigal Son in plain English

Why Jesus told it

Luke 15 opens with religious leaders complaining about Jesus: This man receiveth sinners, and eateth with them. He answers with three stories. A shepherd finds one lost sheep, a woman finds one lost coin, and a father gets back a lost son. Each ends with a celebration over what was found.

What happens

The younger son asks for his share of the inheritance while his father is still alive, travels to a far country, and wastes it with riotous living. When famine comes he ends up feeding pigs, a job no Jewish listener would miss the shame of, and wishing he could eat their food.

When he came to himself, as the text puts it, he heads home with a speech ready, asking only to be a hired servant. His father sees him while he is still a great way off, runs to him, and kisses him. He does not let the son finish the speech, and calls for the best robe, a ring, shoes, and a feast.

The other son

The story does not end with the party. The older son, coming in from the field, is angry and will not go in. His father goes out to him too and pleads: Son, thou art ever with me, and all that I have is thine. It was meet that we should make merry, and be glad: for this thy brother was dead, and is alive again; and was lost, and is found.

The older brother matches the leaders who complained at the start of the chapter, and Jesus never says whether he went in. That question is left with the listener.

What prodigal means

Prodigal means wastefully extravagant. The word is not in the text at all; it comes from later titles for the story. Some readers point out that the father is the most extravagant person in it, which is why the parable is also called the parable of the loving father, or of the two sons.

How it is read

Christians read it in broadly the same way, as a picture of God's welcome for anyone who comes back to him. The emphasis varies. Some preach it mainly as a call to repent and return, others mainly as a picture of grace that runs to meet people before they have finished apologising.